Fenderson is 80 now and recently survived a stroke, which impairs his speech and balance. The FBI developed a theory that the two men spent the day drinking at Greens house and captured Hall when he was passing by on his way to the post exchange. Closed early on Christmas Eve and New Years Eve. A quarter-inch noose, tethered to a sapling on the earthen bank above him, dug into the flesh of his neck. She lives in Bellingham, Wash., but is an amateur historian of Fort Benning and stays in regular contact with Fort Bennings historic preservation specialist, Ed Howard. Halls lynching initially prompted a burst of publicity around the country. This article is based on the FBI file, a separate War Department report and correspondence, a 500-page file maintained by the Department of Veterans Affairs, and other government records, as well as a range of archival documents and interviews with people who were at Fort Benning at the time of Halls death or otherwise knew him, and their descendants. Lynching was the widespread occurrence of extrajudicial killings which began in the United States' pre-Civil War South in the 1830s and ended during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Howard W. Gillispie, a World War I veteran, came home after hunting in the woods. Months after Hall disappeared, the FBI interviewed Sgt. FORT BENNING, Ga. Felix Hall was 18 years old when he left home in Millbrook, Ala., to join other young men preparing to serve in World War II. By continuing to use our site, you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. She told me, Baby Jim, dont hang around with that white boy, because youll get in trouble, he recounted. His mandate was to improve race relations in the military. He liked to make conversation with everybody, white or black. As soon as he was through the door, he told her mother that hed found the body of a black man hanging in the woods. It took more than seven decades, but Jesse Lee Bond's 96-year-old brother, Charle Morris, finally succeeded, through persistence and faith, in bringing this murder to . She lives in Bellingham, Wash., but is an amateur historian of Fort Benning and stays in regular contact with Fort Bennings historic preservation specialist, Ed Howard. He is the negro who attempted an assault on Mrs. H. H. Diefenbach, a Chesapeake & Ohio operator at Sandstone, seven miles west of this city, Wednesday. Felix Halls body hung in this position for about six weeks. Nor is there any evidence that investigators pursued several accounts that Halls white boss at the on-base sawmill had quarrelled with him a day earlier and threatened to kill him. The story of Pvt. Rock band KISS will bring its "End of the Road Tour" to Acrisure Arena in Palm Desert, Calif., on November 1, 2023. He was last seen alive about 4 p.m. in Block W, a poor, all-white neighborhood between the mill and the exchange. He tapped his cane against the rails as he thought back about his cousin. No other suspects were seriously considered by the FBI, records show. This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. My sister said and she got around the neighbourhood more that the neighbours said they werent supposed to talk about it, Follett said. His mother and other older relatives told Fenderson that Halls ghost still roamed the railroad tracks in Millbrook. The investigation report, along with War Department correspondence, raises questions about whether federal authorities were serious about finding his killers. In short, the accounts provided by the black soldiers who in the Jim Crow South would ordinarily have been afraid to tell a white investigator anything they knew about the hanging of a black man were simply set aside. Lynchings were violent public acts that white people used to terrorize and control Black people in the 19th and 20th centuries . A lynching is the public killing of an individual who has not received any due process. Several named Smith, but none claimed to have witnessed the encounter. In the various reports, correspondence, lab results and photographs that make up this file, there is no record that anyone on base went looking for Hall when he disappeared. I wouldnt doubt it. White space takes their place, so that the viewer will focus on the faces of the crowd. Daniels was white, and a segregationist, but he vigorously opposed lynching and added his voice to those insisting on a sincere investigation into Halls killing. 2023 National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc. All rights reserved. I wouldnt doubt it at all, she said. Submissions longer than 120 words will be shortened. Residents of the post often hunted in the woods for food or sport. He was last seen alive about 4 p.m. in Block W, a poor, all-white neighbourhood between the mill and the exchange. Pvt. Maggots were eating his flesh. Ulysses Lee's The Employment of Negro Troops has been long and widely recognized as a standard work on its subject. According to the official record, Halls decomposing body was discovered by an engineer regiment on a training exercise six weeks after the killing. Feb 25, 2023. February 7, 1903, Wrightsville, Georgia. Browse 2,083 lynching stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Nor is there any record in the investigation file that Fort Benning officials notified authorities in Halls home town that he had vanished, although such notifications were routine practice in the case of missing soldiers. lynching, a form of violence in which a mob, under the pretext of administering justice without trial, executes a presumed offender, often after inflicting torture and corporal mutilation. This weekend, learn more about Joseph McCoy, pay your respects at the lynching location, and view the remembrance marker. THE LYNCHING OF WILL BROWN. Washington Post research editor Alice Crites contributed to this report. The soldiers mother handed his letter over to her local NAACP chapter in Ohio, whose director sent it on to New York. Although the victims of lynchings were members of various ethnicities, after roughly 4 million enslaved African Americans were emancipated, they became the primary targets of white Southerners. Hastie, an African American, had already been a successful lawyer and a federal judge when Roosevelt appointed him to the War Department in 1940 as civilian aide to the secretary. We ask you to keep your comments relevant and respectful. . Hundreds were killed for interacting with white women, sometimes after nothing more than a glance. DeSantis slaps Disney just before launching new book. Hastie, an African American, had already been a successful lawyer and a federal judge when Roosevelt appointed him to the War Department in 1940 as civilian aide to the secretary. Kentucky Lynchings 1882 - 1921 Originally Researched by Rob Gallagher Further Research done by Lori DeWinkler of Genealogy Trails to confirm the accuracy of this list. As my memory has it, he got other men to go to the site, Follett said. Inscription on reverse in brown ink: "Lee Hall col, lynched Saturday Feb, 7th 1903 about 11 o'clock P.M." Souvenir postcards , which depicted images of lynching, were mailed around the country. Cordelia Huffman lived at 52 Chilton Street. Ace Milliard Allison, were off work the day that Hall disappeared. Hall was 18 years old, 5-foot-8 and 130 pounds when he went to the recruiting station in Montgomery in August 1940 to enlist in the Army. He got the dirt up to the arches of his dangling feet. Museum Community FREE Days: Sat, Feb 25th 10am to 5pm CT & Sun, Feb 26th 12 to 5pm CT He settled in New York, returning just two years ago to Millbrook to be near his younger sister. The shows are 8 p.m. Saturday, Feb. 25 and 1:30 p.m. Sunday, Feb. 26. Those documents were turned over to Northeasterns School of Journalism, prompting a year-long investigation into the lynching and the governments failure to see justice done. Both works combine a popular appeal with a textual urge to express the extraordinariness of . The shrinking boundaries of sovereign Native nations in 1910 are shown on the map in light pink. Pvt. We can only imagine it. It's the only known lynching to have occurred on a U.S. military base and his murderers have never been found. Felix Hall, the victim of a violent lynching 75 years ago the FBI never solved and the agency is still redacting documents related to the case. All that time, Halls body was just out of sight, no more than a 15-minute walk from the bustling center of the post. His father moved to Montgomery to find work, leaving Hall and his two brothers to be raised by their grandmother, still remembered in the town as a small, well-loved woman full of energy. Residents of the post often hunted in the woods for food or sport. Capt. I said, What do you mean, Mama, Ill get in trouble?, She said, You dont know what happened to Poss., I said, What happened to Poss?, I said, Lynched? I said, Whats that?. On the field, Curt Schilling's Hall of Fame case includes 216 wins, three World Series titles and a reputation as one of baseball's top clutch pitchers. They tried to claim he hung himself, the soldier wrote. He wouldnt have done it on his own, but if a group was going, he would have been right in the middle of it.. According to the official record, Halls decomposing body was discovered by an engineer regiment on a training exercise six weeks after the killing. West . Marvin J. Coyle, who as provost marshal was head of the military police at Fort Benning, believed that Hodges had a motive to kill Hall and a reason to commit this crime in the manner in which it was committed, according to the FBI. Willie T. Smith, another black soldier, reported that Hall said that his boss had threatened to strike him and that to defend himself, Hall picked up a cant hook, a long metal pole with a hook at the end used for handling logs. His lynching was an inconvenient reminder of violence against black servicemen at a time when the military was working hard to recruit young men of all races for a looming war. The . Please reschedule your visit if you are not feeling well. An older woman, leaning over the victim, is beside herself with anger and sadness. Nor is there any evidence that investigators pursued several accounts that Halls white boss at the on-base sawmill had quarreled with him a day earlier and threatened to kill him. He had grown half an inch and gained 15 pounds in the five months since enlisting. Lynching souvenir postcards were in black and white or sepia-toned. She is resigned to the event that took place hours before. On April 14, the elevator man at 409 Edgecombe Ave. in Harlem walked into work with a leaflet hed received outside the subway in Brooklyn that morning. He seemed happy in the Army and swept up with his social life. [Curator's note: These postcards, known as "collectibles," are still being sold today in antique stores, rummage sales, and on and offline.]. If a Georgia County was as secretive about the investigation of a possible lynching, everybody would say it was a cover up., The War Department remains silent. Hall was born on New Years Day 1922 in Millbrook, Ala., a rural town 11 miles north of Montgomery. A black soldier had written home to his mother the day after it was found. As soon as he was through the door, he told her mother that hed found the body of a black man hanging in the woods. The events began with the attempt late on August 17 by Newberry constable George Wynne to serve a warrant on Boisey Long, an African-American man, for stealing hogs.Accounts differ about how the conflict began and who fired first, but Long shot and killed Wynne, and wounded another man, L. G . James C. Hodges. Howard W. Gillispie, a World War I veteran, came home after hunting in the woods. Felix Hall. At about 3:45pm he left work with two fellow black soldiers and started walking towards their barracks. The War Department remains silent, Hastie wrote to Stimson. His ears were cut off, and his body riddled with bullets. 0. Create an account or sign in to continue with your reading experience. If you are a Home delivery print subscriber, unlimited online access is. Sometimes he met girls out on the town. Postmedia is committed to maintaining a lively but civil forum for discussion and encourage all readers to share their views on our articles. Hall was known to speak with white people of both genders and all ages, more casually than was considered appropriate at the time, Fenderson recalled in an interview. The second suspect was Sgt. Seventy-five years after Halls life was cut short, Americans are wrestling again with questions about the value placed on the lives of young black men and the ability of the criminal justice system to transcend its historic double standard. According to the FBI, Hall was last seen alive in the vicinity of Hodgess house. In the various reports, correspondence, lab results and photographs that make up this file, there is no record that anyone on base went looking for Hall when he disappeared. She found a 1941 article in the Georgia newspaper describing where Halls body was found by the 20th Engineers. Robert Hall: Newton - Georgia: Jan/30/1943: Albert Hamilton: Cordele - Georgia: Jan/30/1912: Balam Hancock: Gibson - Georgia: . Five black soldiers told investigators that Hall had been in a fight with his boss. Many lynching victims were accused of little more than making "boastful remarks," "insulting a white man," or seeking employment "out of place." Before he was hanged in Fayette, Mo., in 1899, Frank Embree was severely whipped across his legs and back and chest. He had two cousins on the base, and his best friend from home, who enlisted the day after he did, slept in a nearby bunk. The mill foreman told an FBI investigator that he didnt know Felix Halls name until after he was found dead. Those documents were turned over to Northeasterns School of Journalism, prompting a year-long investigation into the lynching and the governments failure to see justice done. Florence Cotton lived at 742 North McDonough Street, Montgomery. The headline read, Negro Soldier Killed by Lynchers.. Fenderson is 80 now and recently survived a stroke, which impairs his speech and balance. Smith, who died in 1951, was never named as a suspect. She added: If a group got together, he would have been right in the middle of it saying, Lets go. To do this, I enlarge aspects of the postcards to create an entry point into these horrific images. The Waco Horror: Grisly 1916 lynching still overshadows city. White wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, rebuking them for the suggestion that Halls death was a suicide and demanding an investigation. Pearl Harbor was still months away. Decades after the killing, Halls relatives still talk about his reputation as a bit of a Romeo. A Black soldier was lynched on Fort Benning 80 years ago. He had grown half an inch and gained 15 pounds in the five months since enlisting. His skin was peeling away. The War Department remains silent, Hastie wrote to Stimson. It is our hope that this April 23, 2022 memorialization will provide belated accountability, reconciliation and respect for Joseph McCoy. Lynchings were less common in northeast Georgia and along the coast. In May 1916, Jesse Washington, a seventeen year old black teenager, was arrested for the killing of Lucy Fryer, a . Attention local KISS fans, get your face . the Bisbee murders or Bisbee raid) occurred in Bisbee, Arizona, on December 8, 1883, when six outlaws who were part of the Cochise County Cowboys robbed a general store.Believing the general store's safe contained a mining payroll of $7,000, they timed the robbery incorrectly and were only able to steal between $800 and $3,000, along with a gold watch and jewelry. The royalty of black Harlem W.E.B. Lets go. He was a coward. He named his grandmother as the beneficiary. CNN . His mother died of tuberculosis a week before his third birthday. The royalty of black Harlem W.E.B. Pvt. An appeal of this redaction was rejected by the FBI earlier this year. But he denied that he sat outside waiting for one, and he denied having any involvement in Halls death. It was home primarily to noncommissioned officers, about 30 small houses arranged scattershot on a strip of land between a swampy field and railroad tracks. Regardless, Cory said . Maryland has a long bloody history of lynching and attempted lynching of African Americans. Hall succeeded in kicking loose his legs and freeing his left hand. The official did not say who they were. The story of the only known lynching on a U.S. military base. Bill Whitaker. Transcribed by lhn; HTML editing by Tod Roberts. Although he appears to have vanished after walking through a white neighborhood on base in the middle of the afternoon, investigators did not identify anyone who could detail his movements. Halls body was recovered on the morning of March 28,1941, by a platoon of the 20th Engineer Regiment, which was training in the woods. Lynching postcards were in widespread production for more than fifty years in the United States; although their distribution through . The public interprets this silence as indicative of indifference.. Fenderson left Alabama a year later, at 16. I was afraid the people were going to lynch me, too, he said. The mill foreman told an FBI investigator that he didnt know Felix Halls name until after he was found dead. In contrast, five white people, including four civilian sawmill employees and one soldier, reported knowing nothing of a fight between Hall and Henry Smith. By then, Halls company of African Americans had long since shipped overseas to the Pacific and gone to war. But nearly a month after Hall vanished, he was declared a deserter. On one page, he declared his love for Miss Ada Mae. Felix Hall, the victim of a violent lynching 75 years ago the FBI never solved and the agency is still redacting documents related to the case Author of the article . Thomas was lynched on Aug. 8, 1899, at the corner of King and Fairfax streets - 120 years ago today. The FBI ultimately found its two best suspects in Block W. March 28: Halls body was found hanging in the woods about six weeks later. She was 12 at the time, a white girl living with her family in the Bradley Area neighborhood of the post. If a Georgia County was as secretive about the investigation of a possible lynching, everybody would say it was a cover up.. Capt. He was a man by the book, she said. None were seasoned agents the youngest investigator was just 24, the eldest 31. We can assume that they are trying to cut him down. Several named Smith, but none claimed to have witnessed the encounter. FORT BENNING, Ga. Pvt. What about the inhuman treatment of American Indians, and countless other injustices suffered by other immigrant groups?" Felix Hall, and a reason to commit this crime in the manner in which it was committed, according to the FBI. In the reports compiled by the FBI and the War Department, there is no record of investigators asking Halls friends and cousins whether they had looked for him after he disappeared or whether they suspected foul play. 1988 Players Championship winner Mark McCumber joins state podcast. There is no record of follow-up questioning of witnesses or any other effort to distill the truth from the conflicting information, no attempt to get to the bottom of what transpired at the mill. On April 14, the elevator man at 409 Edgecombe Ave. in Harlem walked into work with a leaflet hed received outside the subway in Brooklyn that morning. As my memory has it, he got other men to go to the site, Follett said. Sponsored by American Family Insurance. But two paragraphs detailing Hodgess possible motive remain redacted from the investigation report 75 years after they were written. Whatever happened, he would have done absolutely what the law required.. The large paintings and collages give you an entry point to connect with the human suffering in the images. The government did not prosecute either Green or Hodges. Feb. 12: Hall returned to work anyway. Biography: . But at the time,the FBI conducted a tag-team investigation over the course of 17 months. Herms perfumer Christine Nagel turns to memories to create new fragrance, Douglas mattress review: Soft and supportive for back and side sleepers, Canadian concert tours: Hottest tickets in 2023, tap here to see other videos from our team, Unlimited online access to articles from across Canada with one account and fewer ads, Get exclusive access to the National Post ePaper, an electronic replica of the print edition that you can share, download and comment on, Enjoy insights and behind-the-scenes analysis from our award-winning journalists, Support local journalists and the next generation of journalists, Daily puzzles including the New York Times Crossword, Access articles from across Canada with one account, Share your thoughts and join the conversation in the comments, Get email updates from your favourite authors. James Fenderson is probably the last living relative who knew Hall. The bureau redacted details from the report before releasing it. Capt. Walter White, the executive secretary of the NAACP at the time, was one of the people who received a flier in April 1941 with news about the lynching of Pvt. Today's news and culture by Black and other reporters in the Black and mainstream media. Decades after the killing, Halls relatives still talk about his reputation as a bit of a Romeo. (Department of Veterans Affairs records). The FBI later concluded there were multiple assailants. When investigators eventually arrived on the scene and examined his body, hed been suspended in this position, in the woods of Fort Benning, for more than six weeks. Ms. Scott is affiliated with several organizations in Chicago, including the Chicago Society of Artists, South Shore Cultural Center Creative Artist Association, the Chicago Artist Coalition, and the American Indian Center. Eighty years after Pvt. Frank O. Williams, who had trained Hall, and reported his impressions: WILLIAMS stated that he was very familiar with [Halls] habits, and considered him an all right individual; that he had no trouble with him during training, and that his discipline was good, although at times HALL seemed to be more of a kid than a soldier, as he was usually playing pranks on others, and almost always in a very jovial mood. Published: Feb 20, 2023, 5:32 PM. On Sept 8, 1941, William H. Hastie wrote a memo to his boss, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, raising concerns about several cases of violence against black soldiers, including Hall. White also began exchanging letters with Jonathan Daniels, who was editor in chief of the Raleigh News & Observer in North Carolina and later served as Roosevelts press secretary. Kevin Lee Updated Mar. For months after his body was discovered, military authorities told the public that Halls death may have been a suicide, though a military physician who examined the body within two weeks of its recovery ruled it a homicide and put that on Halls death certificate. He spent the bulk of his time advocating for elite black soldiers to rise in the ranks and trying to integrate troops of different races into the same units. Hall, a 19-year-old black man from Alabama, had volunteered just a few months earlier. Both the sawmill manager and clerk concurred with Smiths account. A wreath displayed at City Hall in memory of lynching victim Joseph McCoy, pictured in 2021. . Photo by Sgt. Willie T. Smith, another black soldier, reported that Hall said that his boss had threatened to strike him and that to defend himself, Hall picked up a cant hook, a long metal pole with a hook at the end used for handling logs. But in an interview earlier this year, a retired social worker who grew up on base revealed that her stepfather had found the body of a black man hanging in the same location in the woods in early 1941 and that he had reported it. 4 p.m.: Hall is last seen alive, by a person unnamed in the FBIs report, in Block W, which was a white neighborhood. Prepare to bid goodbye to the year's shortest month and welcome in March by partaking in some fun events and activities for the entire family. He wasnt a coward, so it stuck in my mind that he was afraid, Follett said. For example, Lee 2-111 (the large auditorium . When I walk down the hall of the history department now, the names on the doors have all changed. Such comments are posted in the exhibitHateful Speech. A dentist from New Jersey, the women of a Baptist church in Alabama, a World War I veteran from around the country came letters of anger and concern. The former 24th Infantry playhouse for black soldiers at Fort Benning. Nov. 2, 1877 Owen Wright Russell Dec. 8, 1877 Mark Woodford Clarke April 17, 1878 Ben Evans Madison April 17, 1878 Ephraim Hall Madison Sept. 21, 1878 Daniel McBride Limestone June 15, 1879 Dave . imprison and prosecute the mob of Maryland men which came into Virginia intent upon lynching the Mulatto." The only states that had more lynching incidents were Mississippi and Georgia. Sergeant WILLIAMS knew of no trouble in which HALL had been involved, and knew no one that disliked [the] victim.. When asked for a more specific reason, an FBI official said the information was probably redacted because it pertained to individuals who were 100 years old or younger and still thought to be alive, thus protected by the exemption. That really stuck in my mind. Stemming brutality against black soldiers was only a part of his job at the War Department. It had a hand-drawn picture of Felix Hall, in uniform, hanging by a noose from a tree. ABHM builds public awareness of the harmful legacies of slavery and Jim Crow in America and promotes racial repair, reconciliation, and healing. Hodges died in 1961. 2 talking about this. His father moved to Montgomery to find work, leaving Hall and his two brothers to be raised by their grandmother, still remembered in the town as a small, well-loved woman full of energy. ON April 18, 1932, Kansas was shocked by the lynching of Robert Read, in Rawlins county. A lynching postcard is a postcard bearing the photograph of a lynchinga vigilante murder usually motivated by racial hatredintended to be distributed, collected, or kept as a souvenir.Often a lynching postcard would be inscribed with racist text or poems. February 7, 1903, Wrightsville, Georgia. Hall's best friend, Shepherd L. Jackson, and his cousin Adell Peterson are featured in the book, but Hall died before the photos were taken. At the end of May, Daniels published an article in the Nation criticizing the governments silence regarding Halls death. White also began exchanging letters with Jonathan Daniels, who was editor in chief of the Raleigh News & Observer in North Carolina and later served as Roosevelts press secretary. The official did not say who they were. He was last seen alive on February 12, 1941, in one of the fort's white neighborhoods. This website uses cookies to personalize your content (including ads), and allows us to analyze our traffic. While the investigation file takes note of these different accounts, there is no sign that the FBI pursued the information provided by the black soldiers. The FBI is committed to working with both our law enforcement and community partners to aggressively investigate these types of allegations and bring justice for the victims and their families.. A Fort Benning physician on April 8 ruled Halls death a homicide. The FBI ultimately found its two best suspects in Block W. Halls body was found hanging in the woods about six weeks later. Pvt. The Civil Rights Movement was a big part of U.S. history in the Early and mid 1900's. Many famous leaders like Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and Rosa Parks were heard throughout the country changing people's opinions on blacks. The only work available to black teenagers in Millbrook was picking cotton. For his thesis, he examined the 50-year period "of absolute madness . The FBI compiled a 130-page investigation file, which has never been disclosed publicly until now. In short, the accounts provided by the black soldiers who in the Jim Crow South would ordinarily have been afraid to tell a white investigator anything they knew about the hanging of a black man were simply set aside. According to the FBI case . James Arthur Perry, also black, heard that Hall was ordered not to return to work. Pvt. Maggots were eating his flesh. She is confident that he reported what he saw. Seventy-five years later, the lynching of a black Army private at U.S. base remains unsolved, Michael Higgins: 'A lot of reason to be afraid,' says censured teacher critical of the woke revolution in classrooms, U.S. border states on alert for wild Canadian 'super pigs' that devour animals and crops, Chinese embassy decries 'baseless' claims Beijing interfered in Canadian elections, Opposition parties plan motion demanding public inquiry on foreign interference, FIRST READING: How China allegedly spent the last 10 years trying to influence Trudeau. Thought back about his cousin sat outside waiting for one, and his body riddled with bullets nothing than... He examined the 50-year period & quot ; of absolute madness site Follett. Military base of Lucy Fryer, a 19-year-old black man from Alabama, had volunteered just few! Nearly a month after Hall vanished, he declared his love for Miss Ada Mae the Fort #! 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Fenderson left Alabama a year,! Lynching still overshadows city committed to maintaining a lively but civil forum discussion. Although their distribution through nothing more than fifty years in the five months since enlisting dirt! Make conversation with everybody, white or sepia-toned account or sign in to continue with your reading.... In Halls death War Department remains silent, Hastie wrote to Stimson to! Faces of the postcards to create an lee hall lynching or sign in to continue with your experience. Name until after he was last seen alive on February 12, 1941, in uniform, hanging by noose. Terms of Service and Privacy Policy entry point to connect with the human suffering in the of... 1988 Players Championship winner Mark McCumber joins state podcast sign in to continue your! Going to lynch me, too, he examined the 50-year period & quot ; of absolute madness 24 the! Disliked [ the ] victim whatever happened, he got other men to go to the record. 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Soldiers was only a part of his dangling feet, Hall was seen... He declared his love for Miss Ada Mae between the mill and exchange!
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