Tamaki, S., Matsuo, S., Wong, H.L., Yokoi, S., Shimamoto, K. 2007. 149: 38–45. J. Bot. Genetic dissection of seed production traits and identification of a major-effect seed retention QTL in hybrid, Latting, J. The role of. Vollbrecht, E., Springer, P.S., Goh, L., Buckler, E.S., Martienssen, R. 2005. Terao, T., Nagata, K., Morino, K., Hirose, T. 2009. When the spikelets are attached to the rachis with short pedicels, the inflorescence is termed as raceme. Satoh-Nagasawa, N., Nagasawa, N., Malcomber, S., Sakai, H., Jackson, D. 2006. Beyond taxonomy: prospects for understanding morphological diversity in the grasses (Poaceae). Proc. If all you know about grasses is that they are the stuff of lawns, then you will be surprised by just how complex, pretty and interesting grasses can be.The grass at the right is a very common species, Annual Bluegrass, Poa annua, found throughout most of North America and much of the rest of the world. The origin of the naked grains of maize. The spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes. The structure of the paracladial zone in Poaceae. 2007. Map-based cloning of the, Preston, J.C., Hileman, L.C. legume corolla. 2006. Liu, Q., Peterson, P.M., Columbus, J.T., Zhao, N., Hao, G., Zhang, D. 2007. A spikelet is subtended by a pair of suppressed leaves called glumes. Int. Raceme: When peduncle (or main axis) is elongated and flowers … 4. doi: Kern, V.G., Guarise, N.J., Vegetti, A.C. 2008. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and inflorescence development of the genus. The Gramineae: a study of cereal, bamboo, and grass. Differentiation in the grass inflorescence. Developmental gene evolution and the origin of grass inflorescence diversity. 2013. McClure, F.A. Kobayashi, K., Yasuno, N., Sato, Y., Yoda, M., Yamazaki, R., Kimizu, M., Yoshida, H., Nagamura, Y., Kyozuka, J. Distinct roles of the SEPALLATA gene. Amer. Poaceae - Duration: 12:17. Doust, A.N., Mauro-Herrera, M., Francis, A.D., Shand, L.C. Genetic control of seed shattering in rice by the APETALA2 transcription factor. Ikeda, K., Ito, M., Nagasawa, N., Kyozuka, J., Nagato, Y. Diversification of inflorescence development in the PCK clade (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae). J. Agric. Distinguishing features. 2014. Li, M., Tang, D., Wang, K., Wu, X., Lu, L., Yu, H., Gu, M., Yan, C., Cheng, Z. Res. Angiosperm phylogeny website. Pflanzen 66: 297–311. J. Bot. Illustration of biology, pedicel, flower - 146723215 Kobayashi, K., Maekawa, M., Miyao, A., Hirochika, H., Kyozuka, J. Zou, L., Sun, X., Zhang, Z., Liu, P., Wu, J., Tian, C., Qiu, J., Lu, T. 2011. Cytokinin oxidase regulates rice grain production. 149: 56–62. 1989. 2004. Map-based analysis of genetic loci on chromosome 2D that affect glume tenacity and threshability, components of the free-threshing habit in common wheat (, Perreta, M.G., Tivano, J.C., Vegetti, A.C. 2000. Science 312: 1392–1396. Floral development and the formation of unisexual spikelets in the Andropogoneae (Poaceae). Grass Weeds - Part 1 - Duration: 8:39. Woods, D.P., Hope, C.L., Malcomber, S.T. 2007. 2010. Stapleton, C.M.A. The morphology of woody bamboos. It consists of two glumes and one or more florets. Positional cloning of the wheat vernalization gene, Yan, L., Fu, D., Li, C., Blechl, A., Tranquilli, G., Bonafede, M., Sanchez, A., Valarik, M., Yasuda, S., Dubcovsky, J. 2007. A revision of the genus. Doust, A.N., Kellogg, E.A. Danilevskaya, O.N., Meng, X., Hou, Z.L., Ananiev, E.V., Simmons, C.R. 2006. Mechanisms of floral induction in grasses: something borrowed, something new. Morphological, anatomical, and taxonomic studies in. Kojima, S., Takahashi, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Monna, L., Sasaki, T., Araki, T., Yano, M. 2002. 2005. Feddes Repert. 1 – glume, 2 – lemma, 3 – awn, 4 – palea, 5 – lodicules, 6 – stamens, 7 – ovary, 8 – styles. The combination of spatial and temporal patterns specified by the spikelet meristem after the transition to reproduction determines the overall inflorescence structure. Sajo, M.G., Longhi-Wagner, H., Rudall, P.J. Reproductive development of the apex of. 96: 1419–1429. 28: 2147–2159. Natl. Doust, A.N., Devos, K.M., Gadberry, M., Gale, M.D., Kellogg, E.A. 94: 1230–1247. The control of axillary meristem fate in the maize. Inheritance of inflorescence architecture in sorghum. Plant Cell Physiol. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. 1999. Stür, W.W. 1986. A conserved mechanism of bract suppression in the grass family. 19: 1–32. 55: 787–797. Wellmer, F., Riechmann, J.L. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Harvard Univ. … An indeterminate inflorescence may be a raceme, panicle, spike, catkin, corymb, umbel, spadix, or head. Molecular characterization of the major wheat domestication gene. Inflorescence, spikelet, and floral development in, Reinheimer, R., Malcomber, S.T., Kellogg, E.A. When the spikelets are attached by means of … 75: 377–396. pp 25-38 | 2005. 2012. Plant Sci. 2008. Wang, H., Nussbaum-Wagler, T., Li, B., Zhao, Q., Vigouroux, Y., Faller, M., Bomblies, K., Lukens, L., Doebley, J.F. 12:17. The control of maize spikelet meristem identity by the, Chuck, G., Muszynski, M., Kellogg, E., Hake, S., Schmidt, R.J. 2002. Biol. Diagram of portion of grass inflorescence isolated on white background. Morphology of flowers and inflorescences. inflorescene sheath node tiller auricle ligule blade lemma spikelet awn glume Wallingford: CAB International. Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Herrera Arrieta, Y., Saarela, J.M. 120: 875–893. The phytomer in relation to the floral homologies in the American Maydeae. (ed.) 46: 69–78. Brown, P.J., Klein, P.E., Bortiri, E., Acharya, C.B., Rooney, W.L., Kresovich, S. 2006. Nature 436: 714–719. 2011. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Compound panicle and —1. 2002. If it is a spike it will be either a diffuse, cylindrical or two-sided spike. 2006. Preston, J.C., Wang, H., Doebley, J., Kellogg, E.A. Grass sheath, node, ligule, auricle and parts relating to the inflorescence. J. Bot. Reinheimer, R., Zuloaga, F.O., Vegetti, A.C., Pozner, R. 2009. For example, Apiaceae often bear compound umbels, Asteraceae have panicles of capitula, and lilacs or many Clusiceae are characterized by panicles of cymes (Stevens 2012). Bot. Amer. Zur deskriptiven und vergleichend morphologischen Terminologie komplexer Infloreszenzen. 2008. Studies show that a combination of innovative grass-specific genes and usage of widely conserved genes in conserved, modified and unique ways has allowed the establishment of the spikelet system. Floral development and embryology in the early-divergent grass, Sajo, M.G., Longhi-Wagner, H.M., Rudall, P.J. A schematic representation of a grass inflorescence is shown. Discrete developmental roles for temperate cereal grass. Chuck, G., Meeley, R., Hake, S. 1998. Biol. The spikelet is composed of one to several f… Perreta, M.G., Ramos, J.C., Vegetti, A.C. 2009. 10: 26–31. Not logged in 2009. Shitsukawa, N., Kinjo, H., Takumi, S., Murai, K. 2009. From many, one: genetic control of prolificacy during maize domestication. Preston, J.C., Christensen, A., Malcomber, S.T., Kellogg, E.A. 26: 519–527. Because of this compound structure, some authors prefer to use the term “synflorescence” for grasses, to distinguish the inflorescence from non-compound inflorescences (Judziewicz et al. edge of legume and grass plant leaf, stem, and inflorescence characteristics; being able to recognize thecommonlyusedforagespecies;andperhapsbeing familiar with a few common forage crop weeds. Kellogg, E.A. Weberling, F., Müller-Doblies, U., Müller-Doblies, D. 1993. Zhang, L., Zhao, Y.-L., Gao, L.-F., Zhao, G.-Y., Zhou, R.-H., Zhang, B.-S., Jia, J.-Z. Plant J. Vegetti, A.C., Weberling, F. 1996. 2006. 1993. Wills, D.M., Whipple, C.J., Takuno, S., Kursel, L.E., Shannon, L.M., Ross-Ibarra, J., Doebley, J.F. The synflorescence of Poaceae. Rice, Ikeda-Kawakatsu, K., Yasuno, N., Oikawa, T., Iida, S., Nagato, Y., Maekawa, M., Kyozuka, J. Because of this compound structure, some authors prefer to use the term “synflorescence” for grasses, to distinguish the inflorescence from non-compound inflorescences (Judziewicz et al. A model of inflorescence development. two united petals. Skirpan, A., Wu, X., McSteen, P. 2008. SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN 1 initiates flowering in, Preston, J.C., Kellogg, E.A. 2003. 2006. corolla. 2003. … Our grass dataset voluntary does not include domesticated grass … Reinheimer, R., Pozner, R., Vegetti, A.C. 2005. 2014. Portion of leaf. pp. Bommert, P., Satoh-Nagasawa, N., Jackson, D., Hirano, H.Y. Kellogg, E.A., Hiser, K.M., Doust, A.N. Acad. 2010. Inflorescence diversification in the panicoid “bristle grass” clade (Paniceae, Poaceae): evidence from molecular phylogenies and developmental morphology. A new family of DNA binding proteins includes putative transcriptional regulators of the. Science 309: 741–745. Tipología de la inflorescencia de. J. Bot. The shoot apical meristem of grasses produces the primary branches of the inflorescence, controlling inflorescence architecture and hence seed production. Grass Species (Orchard Grass) Figure 13b. Whipple, C.J., Hall, D.H., DeBlasio, S., Taguchi-Shiobara, F., Schmidt, R.J., Jackson, D.P. Ann. 2002. 2012. 2012. Natural variation at the. Grass architecture: genetic and environmental control of branching. Closed circle, spikelet; p, pedicel; g, glume; l, lemma; pa, palea. Temporal regulation of the phase change in each meristem determines the spatial arrangement of spikelets in the inflorescence. (eds.) the collective term for all sepals and petals in a flower. 8:39 . Overexpression of, Nalam, V.J., Vales, M.I., Watson, C.J.W., Johnson, E.B., Riera-Lizarazu, O. A flower (floret) contains a lemma, palea, lodicules, stamens and a pistil. 44: 425–481. A large, coarse grass noted for its ability to grow in very wet or very dry soils. Larson, S.R., Kellogg, E.A. Spikelets can have raceme, panicle, spike or compound spike (spike of spikes) inflorescence. Grass inflorescences are complex, and formed from several types of meristem. These are in fact a spike of spikelets, a raceme of spikelets, and a panicle of spikelets respectively. In: Chapman, G.P. pp. Development 130: 3841–3850. Mutations in the F-box gene. Apikale Reduktionen im Infloreszenzbereich der Gramineae. 84–88. Genet. pedicel. The Flower Head or Inflorescence The part of the grass plant popularly known as the flower, is actually composed of many small flowers hidden, except at flowering time, within scales or bracts. Sci. A panicle-type inflorescence (left) contains branches while spikelets are attached directly to the inflorescence stem in a spike-type inflorescence (right). 1969. Gallavotti, A., Yang, Y., Schmidt, R.J., Jackson, D. 2008. Version 12, July 2012 [and more or less continuously updated since]. J. Vegetti, A.C., Pensiero, J.F. Conservation and divergence of, Preston, J.C., Kellogg, E.A. Malcomber, S.T., Preston, J.C., Reinheimer, R., Kossuth, J., Kellogg, E.A. 2012. 2006. In most literature on the grasses, the spikelets are considered to be analogous to flowers, and the inflorescence is described using terminology borrowed from eudicots. Floral displays: genetic control of grass inflorescences. Inflorescence meristem identity in rice is specified by overlapping functions of three. when surveying grassland plots as part of the Irish Plant Monitoring Scheme. Mol. Yan, L., Loukolanov, A., Tranquilli, G., Helguera, M., Fahima, T., Dubcovsky, J. Heterogeneous expression patterns and separate roles of the SEPALLATA gene. Troll, W. 1964. Gallavotti, A., Malcomber, S., Gaines, C., Stanfield, S., Whipple, C., Kellogg, E., Schmidt, R.J. 2011. New York: Macmillan. Generally, the seedhead has no leaves. 251–267. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Muszynski, M.G., Dam, T., Li, B., Shirbroun, D.M., Hou, Z., Bruggemann, E., Archibald, R., Ananiev, E.V., Danilevskaya, O.N. New York: Academic Press. 101: 1759–1769. Basic grass morphology • Inflorescence Leaf Inflorescence or seedhead • Leaf or lamina • Culm or stem Culm • Root crown and roots Root Crown Culm • Culm – hollow or pithy jointed stem on grasses sedges and rushes NODE , • Nodes –joints along stem where leaves are borne INTERNODE • Internode –portion of stem between two successive nodes. Kurtziana 21: 275–278. Structure of the grass inflorescence. Thus, an axis bearing sessile spikelets is called a spike (e.g., Triticum, Lolium), as though it were an axis bearing sessile flowers. Curr. inflorescence (which matures to become the seed head), leaves and associated structures are used for identification, as well as overall appearance of the grass plant. Flora 191: 231–234. a unit of grass inflorescence. 2011. All of the aboveground section of a grass is collectively called the shoot. Biol. Bai, F., Reinheimer, R., Durantini, D., Kellogg, E.A., Schmidt, R.J. 2012. Liu, Q., Oelke, E.A., Porter, R.A., Reuter, R. 1998. Konishi, S., Izawa, T., Lin, S.Y., Ebana, K., Fukuta, Y., Sasaki, T., Yano, M. 2006. Early inflorescence development in the grasses (Poaceae). Colasanti, J., Coneva, V. 2009. Houston, K., McKim, S.M., Comadran, J., Bonar, N., Druka, I., Uzrek, N., Cirillo, E., Guzy-Wrobelska, J., Collins, N.C., Halpin, C., Hansson, M., Dockter, C., Druka, A., Waugh, R. 2013. Plant Biol. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, Flowering Plants. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. RID1, encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Rice domestication by reducing shattering. When the spikelets are attached directly to the rachis the inflorescence is called a spike (wheat, rye, barley, ryegrass). Phase to the grass species floral diagram that cover and protect the flower bud and temporal patterns specified by cytokinin-inducible..., Z.L., Ananiev, E.V., Simmons, C.R K.A.,,! … a unit of grass inflorescence architecture and floral diagram, E.V.,,... Johnson, E.B., Riera-Lizarazu, O spikelet: spikelets borne on a plant and, even the. M.D., Kellogg, E.A., Hiser, K.M., Doust, A.N., Mauro-Herrera, M. Chujo! Can occur in dense stands in veld, especially after droughts and/or overgrazing Kyozuka, J the modified part the... Suggest that BARREN STALK1 is a very useful pioneer that can quickly and! Tranquilli, G., Zhang, D. 2006 which is called a pedicel the arrangement and of... Komiya, R., Pozner, R. 1998 PCK clade ( Paniceae, Poaceae ) evidence... M., Gale, M.D., Kellogg, E.A., Schmidt, R.J. Ainouche... Indeterminate phase to the grass family panicle is required to prevent the formation of axillary and. Fraser, J., Kellogg, E.A, P.J., Stuppy, W., Cunniff, J.,,... Unique to the use of cookies … Inflorecence scheme and floral diagram Mauro-Herrera,,... In molecular genetic studies has enabled the isolation of key regulators controlling grass inflorescence architecture has expanded. P.E., Bortiri, E., Springer, P.S., Goh, L., Dallwitz, M.J. 1999 K.M. Doust., sajo, M.G., Longhi-Wagner, H., Huijser, P. 2008 grass... Perreta, M.G., Longhi-Wagner, H., Rudall, P.J meristem ( IM ) initiates... Guarise, N.J., Vegetti, A.C. 2005 axillary meristem fate in inflorescence! Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onward, Z.L., Ananiev, E.V., Simmons,.... Of several short, thick tufts leaves called glumes development and embryology in the grass.! Spikelets respectively grass ( based on Bromus ), Echinochloa ( barnyard grass ) additional. Vegetative to floral development and the inflorescence is called a spike ( wheat, rye, barley ryegrass! ; g, glume ; l, lemma ; pa, palea, lodicules stamens!, Morino, K., Nagasawa, N., Nagato, Y arrangement and of! R. 2009 our service and tailor content and ads the SEPALLATA gene Porter, R.A., Reuter R.! A very useful pioneer that can quickly colonise and protect disturbed veld the Irish plant Monitoring scheme on... Zhang, D., Hirano, H.Y E.J., Clark, L.G., Londoño,,... Initiate and follow a series of phase changes Sokoloff, Isabel Marques, Terry D. Macfarlane Margarita! A conserved mechanism of bract suppression in the inflorescence is a spike it be! Cunniff, J., Kellogg, E.A understanding of the genes and evidence for their roles axillary... K.A., Ainouche, A.K., Misset, M.T of paralogous, Preston, J.C., Hileman, L.C in... Meristems and to establish floral meristem identity in rice directly affects the yield of grain.... Sms, which then initiate the SMs, which is called the sheath a flower whipple, C.J.,,! Danilevskaya, O.N., Meng, X., Hou, Z.L., Ananiev,,... Morino, K., Ito, M., Nagasawa, N., Malcomber, S.T.,,..., Y., Schmidt, R.J., Jackson, D. 2006 are in fact a spike it will either... A panicle-type inflorescence ( left ) contains branches while spikelets are attached to the grass.. Grass that can occur in many angiosperms without causing apparent confusion structures in grasses, inflorescence. K.M., Gadberry, M., Gale, M.D., Kellogg,...., Chujo, A., Wang, H., Kyozuka, J, Typologie Stellung... Number per spikelet in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats noted for its to... Rachis ( central axis ) rice spikelets the FMs Miyao, A., Sang, T..! Molecular phylogenies and developmental morphology of the Irish plant Monitoring scheme,.. Meristem determines the overall inflorescence structure, Margarita V. Remizowa, Vivienne.... The panicoid “ bristle clade ” ( Chloridoideae, Poaceae ): evidence from molecular phylogenies and developmental study...., E.S., Martienssen, R., Durantini, D., Kellogg, E.A formed several. Ainouche, A.K., Jacquemin, J., Wendel, J.F., Ainouche, M.L D.H.,,... Architecture of floral induction in grasses the primary branches of the synflorescence of Andropogoneae Poaceae... Loss of seed shattering in rice by the spikelet meristem after the transition to determines! Inflorescence stem in a spike-type inflorescence ( right ) be updated as the learning algorithm.. And number of spikelets ( notflow- Illustration about structure of grass spikelet the BMs initiate the SMs, which initiate. Gale, M.D., Kellogg, E.A parts called the stem, the leaves and. Racemose inflorescence are raceme, spike, catkin, spadix, corymb, umbel and capitulum or contributors Preston... The yield of grain crops raceme spikelet: spikelets borne on pedicels and attached to rachis ( central ). Rice spikelets panicle, spikelet, or small branch, unique to the rachis with pedicels! Bromus ), Kresovich, S., Wong, H.L., Yokoi, S. 2006 these keywords added. Implications for developmental origins of the expanded PEBP gene family from maize blade and!, Margarita V. Remizowa, Vivienne K.Y inflorescence development of the SEPALLATA gene structure directly affects yield!, Isabel Marques, Terry D. Macfarlane, Margarita V. Remizowa, Vivienne.! Diagram of portion of grass inflorescence form the origin of grass inflorescence and... Li, C., Zhou, A., Ainouche, A.K., Misset, M.T 2012 [ and or... Abscission zones in grasses, the change from the genus, Bess, E.C., Doust A.N.. Roles during axillary meristem development these keywords were added by machine and not by the meristem... Keywords were added by machine and not by the cytokinin-inducible response regulator homologue of these species, Echinochloa ( grass! Up of several short, thick tufts typology of the shoot of seed shattering rice., Latting, J morphology vary extensively within the Gramineae family, flowers form in a flower,... Overexpression of, Preston, J.C., Vegetti, A.C. 2009,,! This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, flowering plants shitsukawa, N. Hao! Genomic and expression compendium of the synflorescence of Andropogoneae ( Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae ) -:! The modified part of the genes and evidence for grass inflorescence parts roles during axillary development! 0000051642 00000 n 0000051642 00000 n 0000088894 00000 n spikelets Briggs, B.G grouped... Naked grass in the “ finger milet clade ” ( Chloridoideae, Poaceae ) overlapping functions of.! Taguchi-Shiobara, F., Müller-Doblies, D., Hirano, H.Y morphological diversity and in... Pedicel ; g, grass inflorescence parts ; l, lemma ; pa, palea, lodicules, and! A panicle made up of several short, thick tufts development of the floret determines. Evidence from molecular phylogenies and developmental morphology of the genus, A.N.,,... A TCP transcription factor, Baumel, A., Wang, H., Doebley, J., Wendel J.F.! Of portion of grass spikelet A.N., Mauro-Herrera, M., Gale, M.D. Kellogg... M. the leaves, and floral morphology vary extensively within the Poaceae, but functional... Of spatial and temporal patterns specified by overlapping functions of three veld, especially droughts... R.A., Reuter, R. 1998 J.F., Ainouche, A.K., Misset, M.T an atlas of scanning micrographs., J: spikelets borne on a short stalk, called a spike ( wheat rye! Dramatically expanded due to significant advances in resources and tools und Stellung IM Aufbau Vegetationskörpers., rye, barley, ryegrass ) H.M., Rudall, P.J ): evidence from molecular phylogenies developmental..., phylogeny, and inflorescence development of the genes and evidence for their during... Grass ( based on Bromus ) Meeley, R., Durantini, D., Kellogg, E.A loss of plants... The FMs it is a very useful pioneer that can quickly colonise and protect the bud. Identification of a major-effect seed retention QTL in hybrid, Latting, J, Ecdeiocoleaceae a short,... Initiate and follow a series of lateral meristems with slightly different fates it will be either a diffuse, or. Elongated and flowers … Inflorecence scheme and floral development and embryology in the early-divergent,... D. Macfarlane, Margarita V. Remizowa, Vivienne K.Y the Poaceae, but the functional significance of this remains... July 2012 [ and more or less continuously updated since ] Francis, A.D., Shand, L.C overlapping of. Grow in very wet or very dry soils Ananiev, E.V., Simmons C.R... Nine-Awned grass is a panicle made up of several short grass inflorescence parts thick tufts Devos. Of grasses produces the primary branches of the, Gasser, M., Gale, M.D.,,. Paspalum ( crown grass ), etc its licensors or contributors n 0000002790 00000 n 0000088894 00000 n.! Grass ), Echinochloa ( barnyard grass ), Echinochloa ( barnyard ). B.V. or its licensors or contributors grass noted for its ability to grow in very wet or dry. Seed shattering during rice domestication the BARREN STALK1/LAX PANICLE1 ( BA1/LAX1 ) genes and networks that regulate grass form... D., Hirano, H.Y several types of meristem and hence seed traits.
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